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While there is evidence of complicities between the tobacco industry and governments in almost all South East Asian (ASEAN) countries, the level of tobacco industry interference in policy making in Indonesia is the highest. Indonesia is the second largest cigarette market in the world, with an overall retail volume of 316.1 billion sticks per year in 2016.
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The size of the cigarette business in Indonesia seems to be an essential factor in this slow progress. Indonesia remains one of the few countries that broadcasts cigarette advertisements on television, and its cigarette tax is amongst the lowest in the world. At the national level, with the noted exception of the adoption of a 40% pictorial on-pack health warning, no significant progress has been made. Tobacco control advocates in Indonesia have been working at both the national and sub-national level with some promising results, with several sub-national governments adopting smoke-free regulations and partial tobacco advertising bans. Cigarette smoking also contributes to long term family deprivation, especially children, due to reduced access to proper nutrition and education which in turn makes it harder for the children to escape the poverty cycle as they get older. Cigarettes are the second highest household expenditure after rice in both urban and rural area of Indonesia. Similar to other settings, smoking prevalence in Indonesia is higher among the lower socio-economic quintiles. A study of 1350 smallholder tobacco farmers in Indonesia showed that tobacco farming is not profitable for the farmer, most farmers are poor, and many suffer from green tobacco disease. Ĭonversely, tobacco industry proponents argue that tobacco control will cause economic harm through loss of revenue and depriving tobacco farmers and industry workers from earning a living. Indonesia suffers an economic loss of US$ 45.9 billion due to tobacco use, with almost 2 million cases of tobacco-related illnesses and 230,862 tobacco-related deaths in 2015.
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A 2018 national survey showed smoking prevalence among youth 10–18 years old was 9.1%, a significant increase from 2013 at 7.2%, and far higher than the government target of 5.4% in 2019. Indonesia is home to almost one hundred million smokers, where 33.6% of the adult population and 19.4% of young people age 13–15 years are smokers. Indonesia is the only country in the Asia Pacific region that has yet to ratify the treaty despite the significant tobacco burden within the country. Ratifying countries recognised the detrimental consequences of tobacco use on health, socioeconomic status, and the environment. The adoption of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO-FCTC) marked the global consensus of the urgency to control the alarming tobacco epidemic. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.